Testicular cancer can present with the following symptoms:

• A lump or swelling in the testicle.
• Pain or discomfort in the testicle or scrotum.
• Enlargement or swollen testicle.
• Fluid collection in the scrotum.
• A dull ache in the lower abdomen or groin.
• Lower back pain in advanced cases.

Diagnosis typically involves:

• Ultrasound of the Testicles: A high-frequency sound wave scan to detect abnormalities in the testicular tissue.
• Additional tests such as blood tests for tumor markers (e.g., AFP, hCG, and LDH) may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the type of testicular cancer.

Treatment depends on the stage and type of cancer, patient preferences, and overall health. Common treatment approaches include:

1. Radical Inguinal Orchiectomy (Surgical Removal of Testicle):

   • The primary treatment for testicular cancer involves removing the affected testicle along with the spermatic cord.
   • The procedure is done through an incision in the groin, ensuring the tumor is removed without affecting the scrotum.

2. Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection (RPLND):

   • In certain cases, lymph nodes in the back of the abdomen near large blood vessels may be removed to ensure the cancer hasn’t spread.
   • This surgery involves a larger incision in the middle of the abdomen.

3. Chemotherapy:

   • Uses cancer-destroying drugs to target and eliminate cancer cells.
   • Often recommended if the cancer has spread beyond the testicle.

4. Radiation Therapy:

   • Utilizes high-energy rays or particles to kill cancer cells.
   • More commonly used for a specific type of testicular cancer called seminoma.

5. Active Surveillance:

   • For certain low-risk cases, after the initial surgery, close monitoring with regular blood tests, imaging scans, and physical examinations may be sufficient to track any recurrence.